Computer Networking - Link And Network layers

Link Layer In Computer Networking

The lowest layer in the networking frame of the internet or computer networking is termed the link layer. The various elements of the link layer are defined below.

1. Error Detection- There are mainly two types of error detection processes in the received frame. They are known as cyclic redundancy checks and parity checks. How do we detect an error by such a process? To detect error we must send a few other bits along with the original data to confirm whether the same original data is received at the other end or not.

2. Error Correction- There are two types of error correction methods. They are termed forwarding error correction and backward error correction. In forward error correction, the error is corrected with the help of the error-correcting code. In backward error correction, if the error is detected then it re-transmits or sends the data frame to the transmitter end.

3. What Is LAN Addressing? The process of addressing the local area networks where each and every device or computer connected to the internet must have an identifier. Such an identifier should be the same for all devices in particular local area network LAN.

4. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)- It is termed Address Resolution Protocol which is defined as the protocol used to map an internet protocol address. Here, the internet protocol address is mapped to the physical machine address.

5. Ethernet- It is one of the most important local area network technologies. It is also the most installed LAN technology which was first invented by the famous engineer Robert Metcalfe.

6. CSMA/CD- It stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Accesses with Collision Detection. It is the protocol that is used in carrier transmission access in Ethernet.

7. HUB- It is a device consisting of many input and output ports. It makes various Ethernet devices as a single network segment where multiple Ethernet works together to perform a specific task.

8. Switches- It works by the packet switching phenomenon of receiving, processing, and transmitting various network data to the target device or computer.

9. Wireless LANs- In wireless local area networks, the cables are replaced by radio waves to connect various devices or computers.

10. Point-to-point Protocol- In a point-to-point protocol, the serial interface is used to communicate between two devices or computers.

Network Layer In Computer Networking

The layers in computer networking where various tasks are carried out like flow control, error checking, media access control, packet forwarding, routing, etc. Some of the important elements of network layers are defined below.

1. Virtual Circuit- It is used to transport network data over a packet-switched computer network where there is the absence of a dedicated physical link layer. All the functions of the absent physical link layer are carried out by the virtual circuit.

2. Datagram- The data travels or flows from a source computer to a destination computer with the help of the packet switching phenomenon in the datagram. The best example of the source computer and destination computer is the website server and user computer respectively.

3. Routing Principle- It makes the best decision for the computer network data or packets data on which route or path to use.

4. Internet Protocol (IP)- It is defined as the principal communication protocol which is used to relay self-contained packets of data.

5. Internet Protocol Address (IP Address)- The internet protocol address uses the internet protocol for communication purposes where a numerical label is allocated to every device or computer available in the computer networking.

6. Internet Protocol Fragmentation- IP Fragmentation is defined as the process of breaking up a single self-contained packet of data into various smaller size packets of data.

7. Routing- In computer networking, routing is best defined as the method of choosing the best routes or paths in a network.

8. Routing Information Protocol- It is defined as a dynamic protocol that is used to manage router information within a datagram.

9. IPv6- It stands for internet protocol version 6 which directly sends traffic across the internet. It is also defined as the latest version of the internet or communication protocol. The important function of IPv6 is to provide a location system for devices on the network. It also helps in identifying the system within the computer networking.

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